Theoretical and experimental work has been carried out to study the longitudinal space-charge effects in a retarding field energy analyzer. A one-dimensional. steady state model for both a monoenergetic beam and a thermal beam has been developed for this purpose. Potential improvements of using two-dimensional and time-dependent solutions are also briefly discussed. https://www.markbroyard.com/best-flash-pp-aluminum-lotion-pump-supply-amazing-save/